The Curriculum And The Alternative Curriculum - 1760 Words

It has been noted that there is a great comparison and contrast that exist between the national curriculum and the alternative curriculum. These comparisons and contrasts mainly occur as a result of how the curriculums address the effectiveness in teaching of key subject areas such as English, Maths and even ICT. It has been argued that the teaching of these three key subjects should take into consideration the holistic development of the child. Curriculum is generally defined as the lesson and the academic content that is either taught in school or a specific programme that is viewed to be academic. In some cases; like for example the dictionary, curriculum is usually defined as the courses that a school offers to its learners though this terminology is rarely used in such a general sense by the schools. The definition of curriculum mainly depends on how widely or broadly educators define or even employ it (Abbott 2001). Drawing my assumption from the already discussed definitions of curriculum; its definition is in reference to the knowledge and skills that students are expected to learn. The mentioned knowledge and skills are inclusive of the learning objectives that they are expected to attain. The most important learning objective that every curriculum developed, be it national curriculum or even the alternative curriculum is on the holistic development of the child. The term holistic development in children mainly lays focus in addressing all the needs of the children.Show MoreRelated Year – Round Education: Alternative Curriculum or Needed Strategy?1982 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica. There has never been a greater time, or need for academic exposure than there is today. The United States continues to fall behind regarding education and the time for that to stop has passed. Other countries that have adopted this type of curriculum have excelled dramatically, and as a nation, we have on ly played catch-up with the hope of one day becoming an academic powerhouse. Works Cited: Ballenger, Charles and Carolyn Kneese: â€Å"School Calendar Reform, LearningRead MoreEvaluation Of A Student Learning Objectives1268 Words   |  6 Pagesand staff members. The Unit 5 Curriculum incorporates all the Student Learning Objectives (SLO), intended for six weeks of instruction. Each unit contains the content of the grade that can be taught to proficiency by the end of the unit. The assessment allows for measuring student proficiency of those targeted skills as the year of instruction progresses. Assessment procedures are not only used to evaluate student success but can also be used to evaluate the curriculum itself. Essentially, by assessingRead MoreEvaluation Of Curriculum Evaluation And Assessment1537 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Evaluation and Assessment NCU Week 6 Curriculum Evaluation, Assessment Shonda Moore November 6, 2016 Understanding the purpose behind different types of assessment is a critical skill in evaluating whether or not students have achieved mastery or if skills need to be retaught. standing the purpose behind different types of assessment is a critical skill in evaluating whether or notRead MoreImproving The American School System1020 Words   |  5 PagesFunding is limited, curriculum creativity-smothering, and teachers oppressive. These problems, if left unattended, are hindering America from greater progress and a greater height that she used to enjoy academically, scientifically or culturally. Thus, in order to change the American public school system for the better, the government must grant more funds to improve teacher-student ratio and to enlarge access to more and higher quality resources; the schools must adopt alternative evaluation measuresRead MoreThe Curriculum : Education Courses That Promote Professional Nursing Knowledge And Practice1121 Words   |  5 PagesCriterion 4.4: The curriculum includes general education courses that enhance professional nursing knowledge and practice. †¨ Prerequisite general education courses to complete the nursing program consist of anatomy and physiology I II, microbiology, composition I II, sociology speech communications, mathematics for nursing, nursing technology, growth and development, general psychology, and workshop for hybrid students. Starting Fall 2015 semester the school of nursing will no longer requireRead MoreAlternative Learning Options For A Future Democratic Society : The Ethical Goal Of A Level Playing Field1053 Words   |  5 Pages Signature Assignment: Educational Perspectives Alternative Learning Options in the 21st Century And Education in a Future Democratic Society: The Ethical Goal of a Level Playing Field Angelynn Ouellette LBSU 250 Professor Dean October, 2016 Alternative Learning Options in the 21st Century In today’s society many people recognize that our current educational system is antiquated and heavily flawed. Many do not believe the education our children routinely receive adequately prepares themRead MoreAccreditation For Physical Therapy Education Curriculum1346 Words   |  6 Pages The Commission for Accreditation for Physical Therapy Education Curriculum as Viewed Through the Lens of Social Meliorism Nancy Smith ECI 700 Curriculum Theory North Carolina State University The Commission for Accreditation for Physical Therapy Education Curriculum as Viewed Through the Lens of Social Meliorism Curricula can be viewed from different perspectives in order to critically evaluate how they might best influence students, institutions, and faculty. The purpose of thisRead MoreDo Assessments Always Tell Us What We Need For Know About Student Learning? Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesassessments and assessing students on their academic success, yet we are still unclear as to what are some other strategies to use when assessing our students. Alternative assessments are forms of student performance grading that allows better holistic approaches and idea to student learning and assessment. While I was conducting my research on alternative forms of assessments I was overwhelmed with how many opportunities there are and how many different options we have as teachers to assess our studentsRead MoreEssay On Curriculum840 Words   |  4 Pagesmigrate curriculum decisions from the school or school district to the state level has the potential to contribute positively to the educational s ystem—or negatively. On the positive side, the migration of curriculum decisions to the state level ensures that the state’s established educational philosophy and ideology are recognized and incorporated into the curriculum. According to Ornstein and Hunkins (2017, p.), there are at least five approaches to curriculum. Developing a single curriculum at theRead MoreEssay About A Lesson701 Words   |  3 PagesThe report analyses concepts taught in two lessons and links them to proficiency strands, contents descriptions, elaborations, general capabilities and cross-curriculum priorities outlined in the Australian Curriculum. Furthermore, the report explores three best teaching practices commonly used in the classroom and examines the benefits to students learning. Finally, a detailed lesson outline will be created. The first lesson (Christie) observes Christie Kawalsky at Saint Albans East Primary

Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up Free Essays

Title: DNA analysis Aim: a) Isolate and Purify Bacterial Chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli b) Visualization of restriction fragments by Agarose Gel electrophoresis Objectives: * to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli * to analyze and identify DNA by use of a spectro-photometer * to use restriction enzymes to cleave DNA into fragments * to visualize the restriction fragments by gel electrophoresis * to compare the different DNA fragments generated by use of molecular markers Abstract This work describes a lysis method for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic DNA and visualization of the restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. We will write a custom essay sample on Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was noted that for one to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA several steps are taken into consideration. DNA was found to absorb at 260nm wavelength in a UV spectrophotometer. Restriction enzymes were added to cleave DNA which would produce various DNA fragments. DNA can be separated into different sized fragments by gel electrophoresis. The bacterial DNA was successfully isolated and purified however it could not be observed after running the gel. DNA analysis is a standard practice for defining paternity or maternity, predisposition to disease, embryonic health and criminal guilty. But in our context, DNA analysis is mainly used for predisposition of diseases in bacteria. Bacteria are pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including cholera, syphilis, anthrax and leprosy. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections such as tuberculosis (Barnum S. R; 1998). Nucleic acids encode information relating to cell structure and function. Cells have the ability to make copies of their DNA and pass this information to daughter cells. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of ribose (a 5` carbon) sugar and either a purine and pyrimidine base at 1` position. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Uracil (U). Uracil is only found in RNA and thymine is only found in DNA (Wiser M. F; 2002). Isolation of nucleic acid – three major types of techniques are employed in the isolation of nucleic acids differential solubility, absorption methods or density gradient centrifugation. The choice of method will depend on the type of DNA being isolated and the application. A major goal of nucleic acid isolation is the removal of proteins. The separation of nucleic acids from proteins is generally accomplished due to their different chemical properties. In particular, the highly charged phosphate backbone makes the nucleic acids rather hydrophilic as compared to proteins which are more hydrophobic (Allison L. A; 2012). Spectrophotometry is a versatile analytical tool. The underlying principle of spectrophotometry is to shine light on a sample and to analyze how the sample affects the light. DNA absorbs light at a wavelength of approximately 260nm (Stryer; 2006). Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. Separation is based size, shape and density. It utilizes density difference between the particles/macromolecules and the medium in which these are dispersed (Gupta P. K; 2006). Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields. A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it and thus it is used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution (Cowan M. K; 2009). Electrophoresis is a diverse technique of separation used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids that differ in size, charge or conformation by an electric current (Stryer L. 2006). Gel electrophoresis refers to using a gel as an ant convective medium and or sieving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is most commonly used for separation of biological macromolecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein; however, gel electrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Materials Used * Luria Broth medium * SET Buffer * TEN Buffer * Choloroform/isoamyl alcohol. 24:1 mixture * Phenol/ chloroform 1:1 (Buffer saturated phenol) * Ethanol (95%) stored at -20? * Na Acetate * NaCl: 5M sterilized by autoclaving Sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) : 26% (w/v) * Bacteria cells * Plastic test tubes * Glass rods * Wide bore pipette * Ice bath * Centrifuge * Ethidium bromide * Agarose * TBE buffer Methodology Each group carried out the following procedures: Used two 50ml sterile plastic tubes, harvested cells by centrifugation for 10 min 4’C. Combined pellets to give approximately 1g wet weight of cells. Washed the pellet, re-suspended it in 20ml Ten buffer by gentle vortexing. Harvested the cells again as described above. Re suspended the cells in 10ml of Set buffer and let them sit on ice for 5min. Added 1000Â µL of lysozyme and incubated at 37? for 30 min. Divided the cell suspension into two in separate sterile 50ml tubes. Added 5 ml Ten Buffer and 500Â µl of SDS. Gently mixed the tubes by inverting them until lysis occurred. To each tube added 1ml 5M NaCl and an equal volume of buffer saturated phenol. The tubes were inverted till the mixture was emulsified. Separated the phases by centrifugation for 10min at 40C. Recovered the upper aqueous phase using a wide bore pipette. When retaining the aqueous phase the pellicle at the interface was avoided. Repeated the extraction until the interface was clear. Added an equal volume of chloroform and extract residual protein as described above. Transferred the upper aqueous phases from both tubes to a 100ml beaker. Set them on ice and added 1/10th volume 3M Na acetate. Precipitate the DNA by addition of 2 volumes of ice cold 95% ethanol. Mixed thoroughly and allow it to stand for about 5min on ice for the DNA to precipitate. Spooled the DNA out of solution on a glass rod, dipped it into a tube of 95% ethanol and re-suspended in 10ml Ten Buffer. Left to dissolve overnight at 4’C B) Gel electrophoresis The gel was prepared by melting 1. 6g of agarose plus 200ml of 0. x TBE buffer. Swirled the mixture and allowed it to cool to 55?. Added 10? l ethiduim dye Loaded the gel in the following order; 1. Undigested pBSK 2. pBSK + digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 3. Undigested DNA from a blue colony 4. DNA from a blue colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 5. Undigested DNA from a white colony 6. DNA from a white colony digested with Eco R1 and Xb a1 7. Lambda Hind III molecular weight markers After loading the gel it was run at 100 volts for 2 hours. Results We managed to precipitate DNA out of the Bacterial cells. DNA was seen a small white like fragments. However we could not spool the DNA out of solution using glass rods due to fact that DNA is a fragile compound hence when we twisted / spooled for DNA we destroyed the DNA strands cutting them into smaller fragments. The following day, analysis of the DNA sample in a spectrophotometer was carried out. It was found that DNA absorbed a specific wavelength of 260nm. This proved the presence of DNA in the sample. Our sample was digested by restriction enzymes and labeled the DNA fragments with an identification dye and ran them on the Gel electrophoresis together with molecular weight markers. After running the gel no observeable bands of different band fragments were observed. Only the molecular weight markers bands were observed. Discussion The TEN and SET buffer were used to lyse the cells. They are good buffering agent, which solubilizes the DNA, while protecting it from degradation. Eluting and storing the DNA in TBE Buffer is helpful if the EDTA does not affect the downstream applications. EDTA chelates or binds to Mg2+ ions present in purified DNA and can help inhibit possible contaminating nuclease activity (Cowan M. K; 2009). Balancing of test tubes before centrifugation in order for the centrifugation process to be effective to create centrifugal field that results in maximum separation of cell components. According to Wiser M. F 2002, DNA is very insoluble in ethanol and isopropanol, but both alcohols are very water soluble. Thus, it will dissolve in water to form a solution and cause the DNA in the solution to aggregate and precipitate out. Isopropanol is often better to use because it has greater potency in precipitating the DNA and thus lower concentration is required. This is advantageous because it will take less time for the isopropyl alcohol to evaporate. Salts such as sodium chloride and ammonium acetate remove histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins bound to the DNA. As soon as 95% ethanol was added after sodium acetate for DNA precipitation, the whole solution turned cloudy with a lot of white precipitate, precipitating down. According to Allison L. A, 2012; sodium acetate which is negatively charged and low pH was used which contributes to charging positively the DNA. A combination of this plus high salt molarity enhances formation of aggregates of DNA and facilitates the pelleting procedure. Chloroform isoamyl-alcohol is a type of detergent. It binds to protein and lipids of cell membrane and dissolves them. By this it disrupted the bonds that hold the cell membrane together and cause it to breakdown. It then forms complexes with these lipids and proteins, causing them to precipitate out of solution (Besty T and Keogh J; 2005). This reduced chance of contaminated DNA being obtained hence making it possible for us to be able to precipitate DNA only. Alcohol (95%ethanol) is used to precipitate DNA. SDS which stands for ‘sodium dodecyl sulfate’ is a strong anionic detergent that can solubilize the proteins and lipids that form the membranes. This will helped the cell membranes and nuclear envelopes to break down and expose the chromosomes that contain the DNA. In addition to removing the membrane barriers, SDS helped release the DNA from histones and other DNA binding proteins by denaturing them (Barnum S. R; 1998). Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA (Wiser M. F; 2012). Molecular weight size is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel. These markers were composed of nucleic acids of different sizes. A few reasons you may not see bands on the gel after electrophoresis: When preparing the gel for electrophoresis TBE buffer was used. This was done so that the temperature can be maintained and lubricate the electrolyte. Loading dye was added this helped weigh down the DNA so that it can sink into the bottom wells and not float in the buffer solution. According to Gupta P. K, 2006; loading dye moves quickly than the actual DNA parts so it is an indicator to when to turn off the power on the electrophoresis chamber. The dye also makes the DNA visible to the naked eye, giving it a purplish color and making it easier to work with. After Gel electrophoresis no bands of DNA were observed. This according Allison L. A (2012) might have been as a result of any of the following * DNA concentration might have been too low. * DNA sample is contaminated with RNA and Protein * DNA bands are too small and have run out of the gel The buffer system in which the gel is suspended is not doing its job correctly. The buffer might have to be made fresh. * The electrophoresis apparatus is not in the correct orientation (electrodes not connected to the right poles). The major drawback in the experiment was that our fellow colleagues were not able to isolate and purify their DNA. Also when working with DNA temperature regulations were not sometimes adhered to, it was sometime s left on the surface tables for long periods esp. when the samples were being analyzed in the spectrophotometer. Recommendations With proper teamwork and co-ordination among my fellow classmates much larger quantities of DNA could have been isolated and purified. The DNA should not be kept at room conditions for a long time. Conclusion The experiment was partly a success managed to isolate and purify DNA, analyzed it using a spectrophotometer. However bands of DNA could not be visualized after running the gel. References 1. Allison L. A. (2012). Fundamental Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Denvers. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2. Barnum Susan. R, (1998), Biotechnology: An introduction, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. 3. Besty Tom and Keogh Jim, (2005), Microbiology demystified, New York; MacGraw-Hill. 4. Cowan Majorie Kelly, (2009), Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 3rd edition; New York; MacGraw-Hill. 5. Gupta, P. K. (2006). Elements of Biotechnology, Meerut. Rastogi Publications. 6. Stryer L, Berg J. M and John Tymozcko. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th edition. California. W. H Freeman and Company. 7. Wiser, M. F. (2002). Methods in cell biology. Berlin. Springer Verlog CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Name Tanyaradzwa R Ngara Reg Number C1110934J Course Recombinant DNA Technology Module Code CUBT 203 Program Biotechnology Level 2:1 Lecturer Dr Mlambo Practical Write-up DNA analysis How to cite Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up, Papers

Does Psychological Profiling Assist Criminal Investigations free essay sample

The American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI lay claim to creating offender profiling and although there is no universally agreed definition (Snood et al. , 2007:439), the fundamental idea Is the same throughout. Profiling aims to offer the probable description of a likely offender, after an analysis of a crime scene, the victims and the evidence available. Dwyer describes it as one of the most controversial and misunderstood areas of criminal detection (2001 :47), and It Is agreed that profiling does not solve crimes, but narrows down the range of potential suspects (Dwyer, 2001 :49; Insinuators, 2013:8). Due to the definition being so broad, It is also relevant to note that not all claims are equal and there are factors within profiling that are unverifiable and open to misinterpretation (Alison et al.. 2007:503). Broadly speaking there are two types of offender profiling; the geographical profiling and psychological profiling (Mueller, 2000:235). This paper will be split into four parts and focus on psychological profiling throughout in order to give a more in depth analysis. The first part of this paper will give a brief analysis of psychological profiling and review the concerned literature, whilst explaining the effects that profiling has on miscarriages of Justice. The second part will look at the ways the psychological profiling helps to avoid miscarriages of Justice. However, due to the shortage of literature, the paper will evaluate a number of relevant cases. The third part of this paper proposes suggestions for future research; it will then summaries and conclude. Psychological profiling is one of the key aspects within criminal Investigation and Its prevalence has Increased over the last 30 years (Snood et al. , 2007:437). Controversy about the different types of psychological profiling has minded unabated for years (Insinuators, 2002:143) and It is only over the past decade that research has developed more reliable profiling methods that Justifies the recent increased frequency in profiling use (Alison et al. , 2007:497). Although offender profiling has its advantages such as predicting the vulnerability or risk of an offender, thus saving the criminal Justice time and money, the disadvantages are two- fold (see: Melee, 1954). The criminal Justice system Is naive in when It comes to profiling (Alison et 2002:11 5, Alison et al. , 2007:497), not taking into account the orations of Individuals which seemingly do not correlate with socio demographic features (Alison et 2007:499). Alison and Egan (2006, cited in Alison et al. 2007:498) argue this and suggest that human behavior should not be categorized and go on to propose a more dimensional outlook, describing a range of levels. Their research takes into account maturity levels of the individual by discussing ages, intelligence levels, and socio economic groups. Canter et al. (2004:312) research further supplements this, in their study concerning the typology of serial murderers, and they conclude that the majority of examples contained both elements of disorganized and organized. However, any profiling of this type still needs consistency for it to work and this is assumed, throughout all types of profiling. Although contentious, (Alison et al. , 2007:499) homology delves further into the that would be linked with other types of profiling could in fact be two different offenders with similar personalities. This however, also has downfalls, in its assumption that a particular personality will behave in a particular way. There are a number of studies that have consistently failed to find a relationship in any of the rotational methods that have been described above, for example Beauregard sexual polymorphism study (2010:2). It is also valuable to note the frequency of the word assume or assumption in the concerned literature, since as it has already been mentioned that investigators are naive, and it could be concluded that offender profiling is taken for granted as being accurate. This in itself could lead to miscarriages of Justice. Alison et al. 2002:122) state two key assumptions made by profilers; consistency and homology of offense behaviors, both which could achieve a miscarriage of Justice. Studies show (Alison et al. 2002:124), that contextual features must be taken into account when profiling due to individuals behaviors varying in different environments, or having had a change in circumstances. Insinuators states a similar notion, explaining that genetic factors and environmental influence s affect behavior (2002:135). All of these different factors need to be taken into account in order for profiling to become reliable. However, science has improved reliability, compared to the early research concerning profiling, when academics tended to focus on one particular element to explain criminal behavior (for example Essence, 1964). Profiling has been known to impede cases (R v. Stag) and although investigators argue that profiling helps to narrow the suspect search (Alison et al. , 2002:127), the over reliance of profiling could lead to miscarriages of Justice because it relies on a generalization of behavior, too precise statements on likely characteristics and the motivational reasons of the offender. This could in turn lead to a concentration on a possible group of innocent suspects and therefore hinder investigations. Recent scientific research into offender profiling is being used more frequently, as it evolves more reliable profiling methods. These methods contribute more to the ways in which evidence is collected, or decisions are made and commits to the national policing initiatives rather than being broad and open to interpretation and thus leading to a Barnum Effect (see: Dickson and Kelly, 1985). This gives the greater need for an approved process, which could be used in order to assess the soundness of a profiler report and educate investigators and reduce their naivety, which could lead to less tunnel vision and decrease the probability of a miscarriage of Justice occurring. Young and Canter (2003) state that Investigative psychology (P) is the framework for the integration of a diverse range of aspects of psychology into all areas of criminal and civil investigation concerned with psychological input to the full range of issues that relate to the management, investigation and prosecution of crime. Canters (2003) ten classes of operational questions that investigators are frequently confronted by; salience, suspect elicitation, suspect procrastination, offender location, linking crimes, prediction, investigative decision-making, information retrieval, evaluation of information and preparing cases. At the centre of these questions are what known as profiling equations (see: Canter, 1995). These equations ensure that the conclusions that detectives make about suspects likely characteristics will become more Justifiable because they are supported by the profiling equations. However, as profiling reports become rationalized the effects of romanticism could be amplified and an increase in miscarriages of Justice could occur. Although, offender profiling can help in a number of investigative processes, namely; decision making, intelligence led policing, investigative interviewing, informant middling and suspect procrastination (Alison et al. , 2007:501). There are aspects that investigators need to be made aware of, such as tunnel vision or noble cause corruption within an investigation process have been described as insidious and are also noted by Williamson (2006:87) to be a major contributing factor to miscarriages of Justice. It could be compared to the pre-PACE times, when there was a heavy reliance on confession and a distinct lack for a truth search, in the view of the fact that early research demonstrated that the questioning of a suspect was only inducted after an assumption of guilt (Williamson, 2006:91). This is further supplemented after his analysis of the Home Office Paper 1992 where the misuse of offender profiling techniques is contributory factor to miscarriages of Justice (Williamson, 2006:96). The research concerning the effects that offender profiling has on miscarriages of Justice is sparse. This paper therefore focuses on analyzing some of the relevant, previous cases to explain how offender profiling can avoid miscarriages of Justice. Firstly, it is pertinent to note the key rule for the admission of expert evidence seen in the cases Folks v. Chad, 1782, R v Turner, 1975 and R v. Rob, 1991 (see: Sinker, 2010; Boss et al. 2010). The first time that a Professor of Psychology used offender profiling within a police investigation in the UK was in 1986, it was used to find the prolific Railway Rapist, John Duffy. Canters report was extremely useful in this case, Insinuators (2013:11) noted that this could be due to the investigators involved, using profiling as a tactic rather than using it to prove an assumption that Duffy was the offender. Whilst offender profiling is viewed as a form of expert evidence, the R v. Stag case in 994, demonstrated that psychological profiling was in fact inadmissible and the evidence was thus refused on the grounds that there were doubts as to whether psychological profile evidence had achieved widespread acceptance or had been adequately established as to be sufficiently reliable like scientific evidence (Boss et al. , 2010:189). This eventually led to Stag being acquitted. Following this, he sued for wrongful prosecution and subsequently highlighted the dangers of profiling its effect on miscarriages of Justice. Ruder of his pregnant wife, who on the outset was thought to have had committed suicide. During the original case, although his evidence was declined by the court, Professor Canter gave his opinion that Gullible did in fact pressurize his pregnant wife to write a suicide note and then force her to put a rope around her neck, after an analysis of her handwriting in a note found at the scene. He now rejects this crucial evidence after being allowed to spe ak to Gullible in person (Canter, 2008). This highlights the errors that can be made in cases such as this. Gullible spent 18 years in prison because of a number of serious police errors at the scene of the event The Times, 2012), and the apparent evidence, that had a major influence behind the scenes given by Canter (Canter, 2008). It has been noted that there is a lack of detective skills (Williamson, 2006:97) when it comes to offender profiling, and this could be due to investigators not having an agreed systematic approach or model to follow (Alison et al. , 2007:497). Although the Police Reform Act 2003 helped professionalism the investigative process, there is still a requirement for an established framework for investigators to follow.